Salzburg Global Fellow Valeria Groisman explains why more information does not mean better information
Valeria Groisman participated in Salzburg Global's Culture, Arts and Society session on "Creating Futures: Art of Narrative" from April 6 to 11, 2025.
The roots of the zeitgeist we live in lies in what we call "post-truth" —a cultural climate where beliefs, opinions, personal experience and emotions often overshadow verifiable facts and scientific evidence. While falsehoods have always existed, post-truth amplifies their impact by promoting the idea that all "truths" are equally valid, regardless of proof.
In 1967, the Argentinian literary duo Jorge Luis Borges and Adolfo Bioy Casares wrote "Esse est percipi" (to be is to be perceived), a very soccer-themed story that presents a dystopian Buenos Aires where stadiums are 'demolitions that fall apart' and soccer –among many other things – is no more than 'a dramatic genre,' a production effort of the entertainment industry. The authors imagine a time in which fiction replaces reality without the general public being able to perceive the deception.
Today, we face a similar phenomenon: despite debates about the scale of mis- and disinformation, false information spreads online and offline, often unchallenged, leading to widespread confusion and distrust. This highlights the unmuted paradox: even with more voices speaking, evidence-based information is progressively difficult to discern and requires some effort. In other words, more information doesn´t mean better information.
Falsehoods of Convenience
Perhaps what's different now, with the rise of social media and artificial intelligence, is the ease and speed with which these supposed truths spread, and the difficulty of debunking the lies that were carefully crafted with assumptions of plausibility, even when we attempt to expose them. This phenomenon can be seen as a decline in critical thinking, with people increasingly believing what is convenient, and is compounded by the vast amount of information available, where truth and falsehood coexist, and opinions are presented as facts.
This tension—between the potential of social media to empower citizens and the reality of restricted freedoms and silencing mechanisms—creates a complex information landscape. On one hand, social media platforms offer a powerful tool for citizens to share vital information, enabling communities to combat misinformation and circumvent censorship. This potential is underscored by surveys like the recent Pew Research Center study, which found that while a majority of people value freedom of speech and the press, far fewer believe these freedoms are fully realized in their countries. On the other hand, we see the rise of "cancellation culture" which, paradoxically, seeks to silence dissenting voices and those who challenge prevailing views, often through threats and isolation—a phenomenon that echoes Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's "spiral of silence" theory.
The erosion of trust in traditional institutions—such as religion, science, the state, the family, and education—coupled with information overload and a pervasive sense of uncertainty, pushes us towards a reality shaped by ideas and beliefs that simply confirm our existing prejudices, as Stanford professor and psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt explains in her book "Biased: Uncovering the Hidden Prejudice That Shapes What We See, Think, and Do." We increasingly confine ourselves to echo chambers, where we only engage with information and perspectives that reinforce our own. This tendency is exacerbated by cognitive biases—mental shortcuts that can lead to flawed decision-making. These biases act like the drug "soma" in Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World," anesthetizing us and trapping us in comfortable, self-reinforcing bubbles.
Are We All Metareligious?
As George Steiner observed nearly fifty years ago in "Nostalgia for the Absolute," the decline of traditional grand narratives, such as formal religious systems, might lead to the emergence of new belief systems, which he termed "metareligions". We are now witnessing the rise of a new concept of faith, where faith, stripped of its sacred and consecrated elements, functions as a key resource for identity, shaping how we perceive and question reality.
In this context, instinct, personal experience, emotion, and subjective perspectives have become the new arbiters of truth, acceptability, and possibility. This need to believe provides a sense of belonging and an inexhaustible source of certainty—unverifiable, yet compelling. Ultimately, as Steiner suggests, we are creatures of faith, driven by a need to believe, and this belief can relieve us of the often difficult and solitary task of independent thought.
Five Ideas to Practice Critical Thinking and Adopt a Healthy Information Diet
- Seek Diverse Perspectives: To get the full picture, actively seek out information from a variety of reputable sources. Remember, every story has multiple sides.
- Challenge Your Assumptions: When a story confirms your beliefs, push yourself to explore alternative perspectives. What other narratives or evidence might exist?
- Verify Source Credibility: Prioritize content with clear authorship and publication dates. If this information is missing, seek more reliable sources.
- Check Your Facts: Before accepting and sharing information, verify it with original sources. This ensures accuracy and prevents the spread of misinformation.
- Engage in Constructive Dialogue: In social media, practice respectful conversation with those who hold different views. Focus on finding common ground and sharing points of agreement.
To navigate this complex landscape, a periodic digital detox may be a valuable tool, allowing individuals to step back from the digital noise and critically assess the information they consume and what truly resonates with them.
Valeria Groisman is an associate editor at BeCult and also serves on the editorial board of Barbarie magazine. Valeria is deeply involved in media literacy and journalist training, working with Infociudadana, the Konrad Adenauer Foundation (Argentina/Uruguay), and the Foro de Periodismo Argentino (Fopea). She has shared her insights on major platforms, including TEDx, and has served as a mentor fellow with Cátedra Vargas Llosa. Beyond journalism, she is passionate about making complex ideas more accessible. She has co-authored several books on health and nutrition, translating scientific concepts into engaging, reader-friendly content. Recognizing the critical role of media literacy, she also co-authored a guide on navigating political information and combating misinformation. Her commitment to education spans over a decade, serving as a pedagogical advisor in the e-learning department at Universidad Favaloro. She also sits on the board of directors of Limud Buenos Aires.
Learn more about the "Creating Futures: Art of Narrative" session, which occurred from April 6 to 11, 2025 as part of the Culture, Arts and Society program.
