Across Africa, a new generation is reshaping the continent’s democratic future by confronting entrenched systems, structural inequities, and inherited geopolitical constraints
Across generations and geographies, African thinkers, policymakers, and activists are reasserting a vision of governance that reflects the continent’s complexity, dignity, and vast potential. As the global order shifts and Africa assumes a more visible role in multilateral spaces like the G20, questions of democracy, leadership, and sovereignty are increasingly urgent.
At the heart of this discourse is a call to not only reflect on historical injustices but to fundamentally reimagine what democratic governance should mean in African countries - and how this can be shaped both for and by Africans.
Over this year’s Salzburg Global Weekend, continuing our annual spotlight on “Centering Africa,” conversations around domestic governance in Africa brought forward thought-provoking perspectives.
Shedding Colonial Systems
Speakers were frank: Africa is not poor, but poorly led. With an abundance of resources - human, natural, and cultural - the question is not about scarcity, but about just and equitable distribution.
Leadership must be measured not by power or wealth, but by how it allocates and governs these resources for the collective good. The systems currently in place, shaped by colonial legacies and reinforced by global economic pressures, are often antithetical to these values.
The governance structures that many African countries operate under today are often shells of colonial administrative systems. Whether in Kenya, Nigeria, or South Africa, states are still wrestling with the imprint of historical injustices - not only in the form of underdeveloped institutions, but also through economic frameworks designed to extract rather than empower. This has created democracies that are performative rather than participatory, held back by weak political action and outside interference.
"We must move from fragmented sovereignty to collective strength."
The core challenge across African democracies remains the same: how to build governance structures that reflect Africa’s values and realities, rather than imported blueprints of democracy that often serve elites more than citizens.
Speakers from South Africa, for example, highlighted the widespread recognition that political power has not translated into socio-economic power. The legacy of colonialism still lingers in who owns land, who controls capital, and who benefits from trade. Meanwhile, in Kenya, the state is navigating a volatile moment in its democratic journey, where citizens are engaging through public protests, demanding accountability on taxation, and testing the limits of civic space.
But even these disruptions are signs of democratic vitality. When citizens mobilize, they are not rejecting democracy; instead, they are demanding a version of it that works for them.
Towards Pan-African Solutions
Despite initiatives like the African Continental Free Trade Area, the implementation of Pan-Africanism has lagged. Sovereignty often trumps collaboration, a colonial legacy of divide-and-conquer tactics that has left scars across borders and communities. The African Union (AU), too, remains underutilized, slowed by inaction at home and pressure from foreign interests.
"Trade across boundaries must replace the divide-and-conquer legacy of colonialism."
This is a strategic misstep, according to many speakers throughout the weekend. True Pan-Africanism must be more than rhetoric; it requires showing up in cross-border infrastructure projects, harmonized regulatory frameworks, and a collective bargaining approach in global forums. South Africa, now leading the G20, has a crucial role to play in ensuring the continent speaks with one voice, particularly on debt restructuring, climate finance, and digital investment. "True Pan-Africanism means building together, not waiting for outside solutions," said one speaker.
The pathway forward requires a double investment: in infrastructure and in people. Digital infrastructure - including internet access, data governance, and energy systems - is critical. As industry leads, capital will follow. But without investment in human capital, infrastructure alone will not deliver results.
Education, health, and skills are not ancillary to growth - they are the growth. A young Nigerian developer or a Kenyan data analyst cannot contribute meaningfully to the economy if they are burdened by poor schooling, poor health, and no access to financing. This is not theoretical; it is already happening in pockets across Lagos, Nairobi, and Kigali. But it needs scale and political will.
Speakers at Salzburg Global Weekend agreed on a crucial point: Africa is not short of ideas, energy, or ambition. What it often lacks is the political courage to redistribute power and resources in ways that reflect the needs of its people.
"A new, united Africa must emerge — one that leads, not follows."
Across the continent, young leaders, creatives, scientists, and entrepreneurs are building the future, whether their governments support them or not.
The task now is not to recite platitudes about Africa’s promise, but to govern with vision, integrity, and inclusion. If democracy is to be more than a shell, it must make power meaningful. And if governance is to be more than a legacy of colonialism, it must be grounded in the lived realities, ideas, and voices of Africans - from the ground up.
"Africa can offer the world something with a more human face."
The transformation of African governance is also not a matter of waiting for permission or aid from the global North. It is already underway, driven by conviction, innovation, and a deep belief in the continent’s potential.
The challenge and the opportunity lie in constructing democratic systems that reflect Africa's history, serve its people, and assert its rightful place on the global stage.
The question now is not whether Africa can lead, but how, and with what values. If the power of intention and the will to act are aligned, then indeed, as one speaker put it, “Africa is alive with possibility.”
This year's Salzburg Global Weekend is part of our Annual Spotlight: “Centering Africa." Across our sessions and events in 2025, Salzburg Global is highlighting the central role that the African continent will play in global development now and in the next decades. As demographic trends across much of the world project a future of older and less productive economies, the African continent stands out for its growing youth population, dynamism and innovation. In reimagining an international system that better responds to the needs of the 21st century, it is our hope that Salzburg Global can play a small but meaningful role in centering African ideas, innovations, and perspectives in global forums like ours.
