David KRAMER is assistant secretary of state for democracy, human rights, and labor in the United States Department of State in Washington, DC. Before taking the oath of office as assistant secretary of state, Mr. Kramer served in the Department of State as deputy assistant secretary in the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, where he was responsible for Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, and Belarus affairs, as well as regional nonproliferation issues. Before joining government, Mr. Kramer was a senior fellow at the Project for the New American Century, associate director of the Russian and Eurasian Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and assistant director of Russian and Eurasian studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, all in Washington, DC. Prior to moving to Washington, he was a lecturer in Russian Studies at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts and a teaching fellow at Harvard University. He also served as an analyst for the Christian Science Monitor Network during the collapse of the Soviet Union. Mr. Kramer received his M.A. in Soviet studies from Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts and his B.A. in Soviet studies and political science from Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts.